While the decimal numbering system allows any digit in a number to have any of ten values (0-9), digits in hexadecimal numbers can have 16 (0-F), digits in octal numbers only eight (0-7) and ...

One of the first components that the book outlines is building an encoder, which can convert a decimal number to binary.

Conversion of binary to decimal numbers is often needed in firmware. And it’s done easily enough if multiplication and division by ten are acceptable.

To convert from decimal to binary, start by subtracting the biggest place value possible from the decimal number, then place a 1 in that place value column. Next, subtract the second biggest place ...