Gradient-boosting trees. Gradient boosting is an ensemble machine learning model to form robust predictions on the basis of the integrated predictions of multiple simpler trees. 22 Although each tree ...

Here we propose an alternative method based on conjugate gradients. The key, as we show, is that the EM step can be viewed (approximately at least) as a generalized gradient, making it natural to ...

Analysis of 45 non-quantitative elevational transects from slough edge or stream edge to upland sites and ordination of 58 quantitatively sampled bottomland stands were used to assess distribution of ...