Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are also called initial value problems because a time zero value for each first-order differential equation is needed. The following is an example of a ...
Fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) extend classical differential equations by incorporating uncertainty through fuzzy numbers. This mathematical framework is particularly valuable for modelling ...
Boundary value problems in differential equations constitute a fundamental area of study in mathematical science, where solutions to differential equations are sought under prescribed conditions ...