How does the immune system fight pathogens? The immune system has two distinct components: mucosal and circulatory. The mucosal immune system provides protection at the mucosal surfaces of the body.

Vaccines save millions of lives every year, but there is still an urgent need for more efficient vaccines. Strategies to combat serious outbreaks of viral infections are particularly important. Such ...

DMBT1 is a multifunctional secreted protein that plays a pivotal role in the body’s first line of defence across mucosal surfaces. Characterised by its scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains, ...

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for adaptable and scalable vaccine technologies. While mRNA vaccines have improved disease prevention, most are delivered by intramuscular injection, which ...

Researchers have demonstrated a novel vaccine delivery method in an animal model, using dental floss to introduce vaccine via the tissue between the teeth and gums. The testing found that the new ...

Butyrate enhances Tfh cell function, promoting B cell–driven IgA antibody production and strengthening mucosal immune defense against intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella. In summary, the pathway ...