A great example of a closed loop system is TfL’s Oyster card, which many customers still choose to use on its network despite the availability of an open loop alternative. Closed loop systems rely on ...

A geothermal heating and cooling system, which consists of an extensive network of underground pipes called a loop, circulates a mixture of water and antifreeze through the loop.

How often does an existing open condenser water system, or some other type of open water system, get reused as part of a building renovation project and/or mechanical system upgrade? It happens ...

The open-loop heating system has some advantages, including design simplicity and ease of maintenance. With only voltage applied to a heat source, this method does not require an elaborate control ...