Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers represent a cornerstone in the field of control systems engineering, providing a versatile and robust method for regulating industrial processes. The ...

(Editor's additional note: if you are not familiar with the principles and analysis of PID control: you should be; It is the most important, studied, understandable, and applied closed-loop control ...

The reactive controls we discussed in Part 1 are driven entirely by error. This is a bit like driving a car while looking out the back window. Your mistakes may be ...

Self-regulating systems with feedback loops, i.e., the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have since become an integral part of modern technology.