A reference model is a virtual model which defines how communication should take place. It logically divides the processes which are required for the communication into layers. This concept is known ...

In the past three decades for the industrial automation segment, Fieldbus technology has been widely used as the main integrated element for connecting field devices such as sensors, actuators, PLCs ...

It used to be that if you used one particular vendor’s automation products or sensors, you were locked in forever. With today ...

I like to think of the transport layer as the layer of the OSI Model that enables more interesting traffic. While we network engineers may love a lot of the simpler uses of the IP protocol and ...

If you have anything to do with networked AV and you're not well-versed in the OSI model, we've got you covered. You will learn the fundamental ideas around getting data from host A to host B over a ...

Terms can sometimes play tricks on the mind. Take EtherNet/IP, for example. Many people will read “IP” as internet protocol and think that EtherNet/IP refers to plain old, standard industrial Ethernet ...

Do you remember when we used multi-protocol routing for IPX, AppleTalk, and TCP/IP running on the same network? In the 1980s and early 1990s many enterprises had multiple protocols running on the ...

A well planned verification flow for a mixed-signal IP is required to achieve the highest quality of the IP performance with the expected design specifications. The aim of this paper is to present a ...