Oxidative stress induced by 6-OHDA stimulates autophagy flux, which enhances STX17-mediated autolysosome formation, leading to the degradation of autophagosomal contents. However, in response to ...

Unconventional protein secretion mechanisms represent a significant deviation from the classical endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi pathway. These alternative routes enable proteins—often lacking a ...

Intracellular protein trafficking and secretion of proteins into the extracellular environment are sequential and tightly regulated processes in eukaryotic cells. Conventionally, proteins that are ...

Cells have sophisticated methods of sensing stimuli and communicating with nearby cells in response to these stimuli. For example, macrophages can sense environmental stimuli—tissue damage, foreign ...

Bacterial interaction with plants and animals, symbiotic or pathogenic, involves the transfer to host cells and tissues of a range of bacterial proteins whose biochemical activities are key to ...

Cell signaling pathways contain a wide range of secreted proteins and cytokines, and correctly quantifying these molecules is critical for basic research and therapeutic development. The role of the ...