Chaotic hash functions represent a cutting‐edge convergence between nonlinear dynamics and cryptographic science. These functions employ chaotic maps—mathematical systems that exhibit extreme ...

Wendy Wisner is a journalist and international board certified lactation consultant (IBCLC). She has written about all things pregnancy, maternal/child health, parenting, and general health and ...

I review privacy tools like hardware security keys, password managers, private messaging apps, and ad-blocking software. I also report on online scams and offer advice to families and individuals ...

Genome assembly algorithms are sets of well defined procedures for reconstructing DNA sequences from large numbers of shorter DNA sequence fragments. Fragments are aligned against one another and ...

When the IBM PC was new, I served as the president of the San Francisco PC User Group for three years. That’s how I met PCMag’s editorial team, who brought me on board in 1986. In the years since that ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Eric's career includes extensive work in both public and corporate accounting with ...

A brush with online fraud: What are brushing scams and how do I stay safe? Have you ever received a package you never ordered? It could be a warning sign that your data has been compromised, with more ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Gordon Scott has been an active investor and ...